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Group 2 Example Abstract Background: Cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) released to maternal circulation by cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) may have a critical participation in the pro-inflammatory environment established during parturition. It is proposed that cffDNA acts as a damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) leading to the activation of inflammatory pathways. In humans, the mechanisms that trigger Read More

Effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation CD8+ T cells are key players of adaptive immune response in eradicating viruses and tumour cells. Differentiated effector CD8+ T cells express high levels of transcription factors (T-bet) which leads to the expression of perforin, granzyme-B and IFN-γ. In addition, transcription factor EOMES redundantly cooperates with T-bet.1,2,3,4 I Read More

Tumours are organ-like structures composed of different cell types whose interactions are required to promote their maintenance, growth and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that the tumour microenvironment (TME) can dictate aberrant cellular function and play a critical role in the subsequent development of more advanced and refractory malignancies. TME is constituted of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), Read More

What Is Inflammation? Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to injury or harmful stimuli, such as those caused by pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. In general, the following events occur during an inflammatory response: Vascular changes: blood flow increases and fluid and plasma proteins leak into Read More

What Is Inflammation? Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to injury or harmful stimuli, such as those caused by pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. In general, the following events occur during an inflammatory response: (1) vascular changes: blood flow increases and fluid and plasma proteins leak Read More

T lymphocytes (named “T” after their maturation in the thymus) are one of the two major populations of the adaptive immune system and primary initiators, coordinators, and regulators of the adaptive immune response. T lymphocytes comprise approximately 30 percent of white blood cells in human peripheral blood. However, peripheral blood T cells account for only Read More

Tumours are organ-like structures composed of different cell types whose interactions are required to promote their maintenance, growth and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that the tumour microenvironment (TME) can dictate aberrant cellular function and play a critical role in the subsequent development of more advanced and refractory malignancies. TME is constituted of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), Read More

Tumors are organ-like structures composed of different cell types whose interactions are required to promote their maintenance, growth and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment (TME) can dictate aberrant cellular function and play a critical role in the subsequent development of more advanced and refractory malignancies. TME is constituted of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), Read More

What Is Inflammation? Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to injury or harmful stimuli, such as those caused by pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. In general, the following events occur during an inflammatory response: (1) vascular changes: blood flow increases and fluid and plasma proteins leak Read More

T lymphocytes (named “T” after their maturation in the thymus) are one of the two major populations of the adaptive immune system and primary initiators, coordinators, and regulators of the adaptive immune response. T lymphocytes comprise approximately 30 percent of white blood cells in human peripheral blood. However, peripheral blood T cells account for only Read More