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Eva is a 50-year-old Caucasian woman who presents to the clinic with complaints of hand and feet swelling to the point of visible deformities. Her joint pain wakes her up several times during the night and she has morning stiffness for several hours.

The concept of trained immunity Immunological memory is considered the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously It has long been thought that immunity conveyed by vaccines is solely based on the memory ability of the adaptive immune system Nowadays many studies have shown Read More

The human immune system is a complex network of specialised cells and organs that protects the body from infections. At the core of the immune system is the ability to recognise the difference between self and non-self. Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive and misguided immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally Read More

A 25 years-old, teacher, complains of double vision. She finds it difficult to talk after prolonged speaking. She is pregnant.Episodes of double vision began 6 weeks ago. Elsa’s husband reported fluctuating droopy eyelids in the morning and evening, which started 4 weeks ago.

A 7 year old girl presented to her local hospital for the second time in 3 months with arthralgia, a migratory skin rash and fever for 5 days. She was admitted and within 2 days…

A 45 year old male is referred from outpatient clinic to a hospital dermatology department with well dermacated erythematous scaly annular plaques scattered on his…

A 12 year old boy is brought into the paediatric casualty by his parents approximately 18 hours after sustaining a penetrating knife injury to his left eye. The child was here he was attacked by a fellow learner who stabbed him in his left eye. He sustained no other injuries as his attacker ran away after the incident.

A 7 year old female presents with a three week history of painful elbows, wrists and hands, generalised weakness and difficulty walking. History: Painful elbows, wrists and hands for 3/52; Sore throat; No early morning stiffness, but a generalised weakness …

A 14 and half year old boy presents with a recent history of tender temperomandibular joints and regular morning stiffness in both hips. He has a limited range of movement in his hips, especially abduction and adduction, and is no longer able to run and play games with his brothers. Our patient started suffering with painful hips from age 14 and within a month he was unable to walk unassisted.

The autoimmune disorder rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by joint inflammatio…